Schema

Schema as Hirsch has defined it is an â€Å"unified system of background relationships† that allows people to understand the â€Å"surface meaning† of a statement (Hirsch 54). If people can find ways to influence students about things that are important in the world, they would grow up connecting series of things important nowadays, and end up having the knowledge to choose what they can do next. If a person contains schema about environmental problems, and how to solve them, they would automatically put things side by side and build a solution for it. With the help of schema, people most especially students can be able to focus on what is important in the society today. If the student graduates with the mental ability to know automatically what is right for their health and be aware of the environment problems, they can lessen the cause of it and the world would be a better place. If the student graduates with the general knowledge of choosing healthy foods, obesity would be lessened and if they graduate with the general knowledge to be aware of what they do to the environment, global warming would slow down. In the end, since schema cannot be taught, institutions should change the curriculum to teach information that will inform the schemata, so that the generation to come would automatically do what is right for them and for the environment.

Numerical Analysis of Soil-Structure Interaction at Seismic Fault Pulses

Numeric Analysis of Soil-Structure Interaction at Seismic Fault Pulses Abstraction—Numeric analysis of soil–structure systems at seismal mistake pulsations has investigated. Vibration transmissibility of the soil–structure interaction has analysed for super-structures with different aspect ratios positioned on assorted dirt types and different foundations have studied. Soil construction interaction with geometric nonlinearity has been considered with forward directionality and fling measure types of mathematical seismal mistake pulsations. It has been analyzed that nonlinear SSI is tend to magnify the acceleration responses when subjected to low frequence incident pulsations below normalized threshold frequences. These thresholds associate with dirt categorization, so that different dirt type has assorted shear moving ridge speed. With increased shear wave speed of the implicit in dirt makes the threshold frequence additions. Keywords—Nonlinear soil–structure interaction, response analysis, seismal mistake, land daze, swaying isolation.IntroductionSHOCK and quiver isolation reduces the excitement transmitted to systems necessitating protection. An illustration is the interpolation of isolators between equipment and foundations back uping the equipment. The isolators act to cut down effects of support gesture on the equipment and to cut down effects of force transmitted by the equipment to the supporting construction. Isolators act by debaring and hive awaying energy at resonating frequences of the isolation system, thereby diminishing force degrees transmitted at higher frequences. The dampers act by dispersing energy to cut down the elaboration of forces that occur at resonance [ 1 ] . The chief thought in basal isolation is to cut down the seismal responses by infixing low–stiffness, high–damping constituents between the foundation and the construction [ 2 ] . This manner, th e natural period and damping of the construction will be increased, which can cut down the responses of the superstructure, particularly inter–story impetuss and floor accelerations [ 3 ] . Alternatively, base supplantings in those systems, particularly under near–fault land gestures, are increased [ 4 ] . The first concerns about this issue were arisen after 1992 Landers and so 1994 Northridge temblors, where long–period pulse–type land gestures were observed in near–fault records. Evidence show that temblor records in near–field parts may hold big energy in low frequences and can do drastic responses in base stray constructions [ 5 ] . Past surveies in the literature reveal that nonlinear soil– construction interaction ( SSI ) including foundation upheaval and dirt output can exhibit basal isolating effects due to hysteretic damping of the implicit in dirt. These effects can be important during strong land gestures when the superstr ucture is mounted on a shallow foundation with sufficiently low inactive perpendicular burden bearing safety factor [ 6 ] . On the other manus, geometry of the superstructure should besides enable the swaying gestures of the foundation to emerge as a singular manner of quiver in seismal public presentation of the soil–structure system. In such status, the so–called inverted–pendulum constructions [ 7 ] can profit from energy absorbing capacity of the implicit in dirt viz. swaying isolation. This context motivated Koh and Hsiung [ 8 ] , [ 9 ] to analyze base isolation benefits of 3D rocking and upheaval. In their surveies, three–dimensional cylindrical stiff block rested on a Winkler foundation of independent springs and dashpots were examined. They compared response of the theoretical account under earthquake–like excitements when the foundation was allowed to elate versus no–uplift status. It was concluded that curtailing upheaval can prese nt higher emphasiss and accelerations inside the construction. The purpose of this paper is shock response analysis of the soil– construction systems induced by near–fault pulsations. Vibration transmissibility of the soil–structure systems is evaluated utilizing daze response spectra ( SRS ) . An in–depth parametric survey is conducted. Medium–to–high rise edifices with different aspect ratios every bit good as foundations with different safety factors located on different dirt types are studied. Two types of near–fault land dazes with different pulsation periods every bit good as pulse amplitudes are selected as input excitement. Linear versus nonlinear SSI status are considered instead and the corresponding consequences are compared. II. N UMERICAL MODEL The soil–structure system modeled in this survey consists of multi–story constructing constructions based on surface mat foundation located on dirt medium. Numeric theoretical account subjected to near–fault land dazes is schematically illustrated in Fig. 1. A. Superstructure Shear edifice theoretical accounts are most normally used in research surveies on seismically isolated edifices. To this purpose, a generic simplified theoretical account is created to stand for a category of structural systems with a given natural period and distribution of stiffness over the height [ 10 ] . In this survey, the superstructure is a 3D shear constructing habitue in program and height to avoid the effects of geometrical dissymmetry. Requirements for including near–field effects are considered harmonizing to ASCE7–10 [ 11 ] . Dead and unrecorded tonss are assumed 600 and 200kg/m2, severally. The narrative tallness of 3.0mand figure of narratives equal to 10, 15, and 20 are selected in order to stand for medium–to–high–rise edifices that can rationally hold shallow foundations on different types of dirt medium. First–mode natural periods of fixed–base construction are 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0sfor 10– , 15– , and 20à ¢â‚¬â€œstory edifices, severally. These natural periods are consistent with approximative cardinal period expressions introduced in ASCE7–10. The analyses have been performed utilizing OpenSEES package [ 12 ] . Rayleigh theoretical account with muffling ratio equal to 5 % of critical damping is assigned to the superstructure. In this instance, superstructure elements are assumed with no ductileness and P–Delta geometrical nonlinearity is included. FIG 1 B. Interacting System The interacting system called infrastructure consists of soil– foundation ensemble which induces base–isolating effects to the construction. The foundation is a square mat with thickness of 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0mfor 10– , 15– , and 20–story edifices, severally. Brick elements are used to pattern the foundation. Dimensions of the foundation program were designed harmonizing to perpendicular burden bearing capacity of dirt medium. Therefore, different foundation program dimensions are calculated sing to different dirt types every bit good as different safety factors. The foundation is assumed to be inflexible and no embedment is considered in this survey. In order to see dirt effects, four types of dirt media with a broad scope of shear–wave speed (Volt) were considered to cover soft to really heavy dirt in conformity with site categorization introduced in ASCE7–10 [ 11 ] . The dirt is considered as a homogeneous half–space medium and is non modeled straight in this survey. Simplified theoretical accounts are used to enforce substructure effects including dirt flexibleness, radiation damping, tenseness cut–off, and dirt output on the foundation. The horizontal ( sway ) electric resistances can be straight obtained utilizing Cone theoretical account expressions [ 13 ] . However, swaying and perpendicular electric resistances, because of part of foundation upheaval and dirt output nonlinear effects, could non be straight calculated utilizing lumped theoretical account in perpendicular and rocking waies. In perpendicular and swaying waies, the foundation country is discretized over a sufficient figure of nodes. The discretization of foundation program country has been done in conformity with so–called subdisk method recommended by Wolf [ 14 ] to cipher perpendicular and swaying dynamic electric resistance of dirt. In order to allow the foundation upheaval and dirt output phenomena contribute in finite component mold of soil–structure system the perpendicular nonlinear elastic–perfectly fictile spread stuff is assigned to the perpendicular contact elements. FIG 2 III. MATHEMATICAL NEAR–FAULT PULSES Idealized pulsations, used in this survey, are described by sinusoidal maps proposed by Sasani and Bertero every bit good as Kalkan and Kunnath that represent fling measure and frontward directionality type of land gestures [ 15 ] , [ 16 ] . The mathematical preparations of the acceleration clip history of fling–step and forward–directivity pulsations are presented in ( 1 ) , and ( 2 ) , severally. Fling–Step Pulse whereCalciferoldenotes the maximal amplitude of the land supplanting derived by dual clip integrating of land acceleration, ( )Ta, and so T andThyminedenote pulse period and pulse reaching clip, severally.IPulse amplitude and pulse period are the two cardinal input parametric quantities of the idealised pulsation theoretical accounts. In this research, pulse–to–fixed–base construction period ratio (ThymineT ) is assumed to fall within 0.5 to 2.5. Within this scope, existent near–field records can be replaced by idealised pulsations and outstanding belongingss of structural response are captured with sensible estimate [ 17 ] , [ 18 ] . Furthermore, pulse amplitude matching to different excitement degrees varies from moderate to really strong land gestures in this survey. For this intent, peak land speed ( PGV ) varies from 20 to 220cm/sto stand for moderate to really strong land gestures, severally. In this survey, unidirectional excitement is exerted to th e base when the simplified pulse theoretical accounts of fling measure and forward directionality are used. IV. PARAMETRIC STUDY It is good known that the response of soil–structure system depends on geometric and dynamic belongingss of the construction and the beneath dirt. These effects can be incorporated into the studied theoretical account by the undermentioned non–dimensional parametric quantities [ 19 ] , [ 20 ] : where a0,hole,Hydrogen,Volt,Strontium, andBacillusbase for non– dimensional frequence, round frequence of the fixed–base construction, superstructure tallness, shear–wave speed of dirt, slenderness ratio, and breadth of the superstructure, in the same order. Non–dimensional frequence parametric quantity,a0, is introduced as an index for the structure–to–soil stiffness ratio. In this survey, this parametric quantity is assumed 0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2 to cover different degrees of dirt flexibleness. Harmonizing to ( 1 ) , the a0 peers to 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 is matching to shear–wave speed of dirt 754, 377, 188, and 94samarium, severally. Sing to ( 4 ) ,Strontiumparametric quantity bases for slenderness of + [ ] T + + the superstructure. In this paper, values of 2 and 4 are assigned toStrontiumparametric quantity in order to stand for low every bit good as highaandStrontium, are typically considered as the cardinal parametric quantities of the soil–aspect ratio. These two mentioned parametric quantities, 0structure system [ 19 ] . Besides, with respect to nonlinear SSI incorporated in this parametric survey, the undermentioned non– dimensional parametric quantity is besides considered: whereNitrogen,uouN, andSFdenote the dirt bearing capacity under strictly perpendicular inactive burden, the perpendicular applied burden, and factor of safety against perpendicular burden bearing of the foundation, severally.Degree fahrenheitis set equal to 1.2, 1.85, and 2.5 to stand for severely–loaded, instead heavily–loaded, and instead lightly–loaded foundations, severally [ 21 ] . For daze response analysis of the soil–structure system, maximal response acceleration at a givenIth narrative (MRA) is defined as time–domain utmost value of absolute response acceleration of theIth floor. Peak value ofMRAiialong tallness of the construction is defined asPMRA. This index is compared in two alternate linear every bit good as nonlinear SSI status as introduced in Fig. 2. In 2nd instance, foundation upheaval and dirt output is permitted during dynamic time–history analyses. Comparison of the two SSI status reveals swaying isolation effects of foundation upheaval and dirt output on commanding accelerations transmitted to the superstructure when subjected to near–fault land dazes. To quantify the rocking isolations effects of nonlinear SSI on commanding familial accelerations, the undermentioned index is defined: whereqacceldenotes maximal response acceleration ratio which is equal toPMRAat nonlinear SSI status,( NLSSI ) PMRA ( LSSI ) PMRAdivided by the same value at additive SSI status, . V. S HOCK RESPONSE SPECTRA ( SRS ) OF THE SOIL–STRUCTURE SYSTEMS Vibration transmissibility of the soil–structure systems is evaluated in this subdivision utilizing daze response spectrum. As illustrated in Figs. 3 and 4, the ordinate of each SRS curve represents theQratio as introduced in ( 6 ) . The abscissa T/Tof the SRS represents the ratio of the excitement pulsation continuanceaccelT to the natural periodThymineof the swaying isolation ( or natural period of swaying response of the foundation ) . Almost 16000 clip history analyses are performed in this survey. Consequently, the SRS braces with uninterrupted and dash lines in Figs. 3 and 4 represent mean and standard divergence ( s ) of the primary SRS curves ensemble, severally. The SRS braces are plotted with regard to different incident pulsation periods t to demo the consequence of daze strength. In Fig. 3 the consequence of dirt type on quiver transmissibility of the soil–structure systems is investigated through comparing SRSs for different values ofa, ( 3 ) . The consequences show that nonlinear SSI is likely to magnify the acceleration responses when subjected to long–period incident pulsations with0normalized period T/Ttranscending a threshold. It is shown that this threshold T/Tcorrelatives with dirt type. In more precise words, whenalessenings ( i.e. at more dense sites ) the threshold T/Tmoves to left as displayed in Fig. 3. For case, 0 the incident pulsation with normalized period greater than the threshold, T/T= 1.25, leads to response elaboration in a 10–story edifice located on really heavy site (a=0.25 ) . On the other manus, comparing single SRS curves on each graph of Fig. 3 reveals that increasing the land daze strength consequences in steeper inclines of SRSs. This fact shows that nonlinear SSI is more activated topic to incident pulsations with greater amplitudes. In Fig. 4 the consequence of incident pulsation type on quiver transmissibility of the soil–structure systems is examined through comparing SRSs of frontward directionality versus fling measure pulsations. The consequences show that long–period frontward directionality pulsations can ensue in important response elaboration, particularly when the pulse amplitude intensifies. In contrast, nonlinear SSI topic to short–period frontward directionality pulsations with high amplitudes can cut down the acceleration responses down to about 50 % for the 15–story edifice as presented in Fig. 4. In add-on, the two graphs of Fig. 4 depict that quiver transmissibility of nonlinear SSI is more period–dependent topic to send on directionality pulsations compared to fling measure land daze. VI. C ONCLUSION This paper concerns shock response analysis of the soil– construction systems induced by near–fault pulsations. To this terminal, quiver transmissibility of the soil–structure systems is evaluated utilizing daze response spectra. An in–depth parametric survey including about 16000 clip history analyses are performed. Medium–to–high rise edifices with different aspect ratios every bit good as foundations with different safety factors located on different dirt types are studied. Two types of near–fault land dazes, i.e. forward directionality and fling measure pulsations, with different pulsation periods every bit good as pulse amplitudes are selected as input excitement. Linear versus nonlinear SSI status are considered. Maximal response acceleration ratioQ is selected as quiver transmissibility index in additive compared to nonlinear SSI status. The consequences show that nonlinear SSI is likely to magnify the acceleration responses when subjected to long–period incident pulsations with normalized period T/Ttranscending a threshold. This threshold T/Tcorrelatives with dirt type, so that increasing shear–wave speed of the implicit in dirt, the threshold T/T lessenings. On the other manus, addition in land daze strength consequences in steeper inclines of SRSs, i.e. greater period dependence. Furthermore, comparing SRSs of frontward directionality versus fling measure pulsations reveals that long–period frontward directionality pulsations can ensue in important response elaboration, particularly when the pulse amplitude intensifies. In contrast, short–period frontward directionality pulsations with high amplitudes are significantly isolated. In add-on, quiver transmissibility of nonlinear SSI is more period–dependent topic to send on directionality pulsations compared to fling measure land daze. MentionsPiersol, A. G. , and Paez, T. L. , â€Å"Harris’ Shock and Vibration HandboOklahoma, † 6Thursdayed. , McGraw–Hill, New York, 2010.Skinner, R. I. , Robinson, W. H. , and McVerry, G. H. , â€Å"An debut to seismic isolation, † Wiley, Chichester, England, 1993.Naeim, F. , and Kelly, J. M. , â€Å"Design of seismal stray constructions: From theory to pattern, † Wiley, Chichester, England, 1999.Hall, J. F. , Heaton, T. H. , Halling, M. W. , and Wald, D. J. â€Å"Near–source land gesture and its effects on flexible edifices, †Earthquake Spectra, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 569– 605, 1995.Heaton, T. H. , Hall, J. F. , Wald, D. J. , and Halling, M. V. , â€Å"Response of high–rise and base–isolated edifices in a conjectural Mw 7.0 blind thrust temblor, †Science, vol. 267, pp. 206–211, 1995.Anastasopoulos, I. , Gazetas, G. , Loli, M. , Apostolou, M. , and Gerolymos, N. , â€Å"Soil failure can be used for sei smal protection of constructions, †Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, vol. 8, pp. 309–326, 2010.Housner, G. W. , â€Å"The behaviour of upside-down pendulum constructions during temblors, †Bulletin of seismological society of America, vol. 53, no. 2: pp. 403–417, 1963.Koh, A. , and Hsiung, C. , â€Å"Base Isolation Benefits of 3–D Rocking and Uplift. I: Theory, †ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanicss, vol. 117, no. 1, pp. 1–18, 1991.Koh, A. & A ; Hsiung, C. â€Å"Base Isolation Benefits of 3–D Rocking and Uplift. II: Numeric Example, †ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanicss, vol. 117, no. 1, pp. 19–31, 1991.Alhan, C. , and Surmeli, M. , â€Å"Shear edifice representations of seismically stray edifices, †Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, vol. 9, pp. 1643–1671, 2011.ASCE/SEI 7–10, â€Å"Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, † Published by American Society of Civil Engi neers, 2010.Fenves, G. L. , Mazzoni, S. , McKenna, F. , and Scott, M. H. , â€Å"Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation ( OpenSEES ), † Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California: Berkeley, CA, 2004.Wolf, J. P. , and Deeks, A. J. , â€Å"Foundation Vibration Analysis: a Strength–of–Materials Approach, † Elsevier publications, 2004.Wolf, J. P. , â€Å"Foundation Vibration Analysis Using Simple Physical Models, † Englewood Cliffs ( NJ ) : Prentice–Hall, pp. 293–307, 1994.Sasani, M. , and Bertero, V. â€Å"Importance of terrible pulse–type land gesture in performance–based technology: historical and critical reappraisal, † inProc. of the 12th universe conf. on temblor technology, New Zealand, no. 8, 2000.Kalkan, E. , Kunnath, S. K. , â€Å"Effects of Flinging Step and Forward Directivity on Seismic Response of Buildings, †Earthquake Spectra, vol. 22, pp. 367–390, 2006.Alavi, B. , and Krawinkler, H. , â€Å"Behavior of minute defying frame constructions subjected to near–fault land gestures, †Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, vol. 33, pp. 687–706, 2004.Sehhati, R. , Rodriguez–Marek, A. , ElGawady, M. , and Cofer, W. F. , â€Å"Effects of near–fault land gestures and tantamount pulsations on multi– narrative constructions, †Engineering Structures, vol. 33, pp. 767–779, 2011.

On The Road To Entrepreneurship Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

On The Road To Entrepreneurship - Article Example the US with an endeavor to gain knowledge in diverse fields, thereby returning home and pursue lucrative careers that will boost the nations’ economy and create a self-reliant country. The program caters for air fare, accommodation, tuition and other miscellaneous family expenses. A large number of my colleagues spent their leisure time peers from home, read Saudi newspapers, watch sports, check in at restaurants and gather home to engage in recreation on a PlayStation. We create a mini Saudi Arabia in each of our protected university environments. However, this compels an individual to pose the following question, â€Å"Is that the best value for the investment that our country made in us?† this, therefore, highlights the need for maximally utilizing the investment instilled in us. It will be critical to go out and promote our country’s cultural and social aspects, both within the campus and outside in the business world, owing to our imperative number of over 100,000 ambassadors. For instance, if each of our colleagues went out to educate to our American friends about our nation, over a million US citizens will be conversant with our nation. This would eliminate the misconception about our country, as the media perceives it. If the beneficiaries of the program pursued any of these questions and went beyond my anxiety-neutral situation, I would have perceived the real America and learned lessons that would enhance the education that I endeavored. I mulled over the issue only after I graduated and started working in a US company. I retain information of my dad’s advice prior to coming to the US, â€Å"Son do not just come home with just an MBA, you’d better bring a technology business along with it†. I failed to consider the issue critically. As such, when he inquired after graduation whether I had a business arrangement, my answer was negative. At the time, I realized how profound my dad’s advice had been and how effortlessly I forgot. My country

The Industrial Revolution 1820 - 1850 PowerPoint Presentation

The Industrial Revolution 1820 - 1850 - PowerPoint Presentation Example In America, the industrial revolution had a strong influence on the lives of ordinary people. This happened through the modification of the family structure and it affected the role of women and children. In other words, the industrial revolution shaped the way things were social, cultural and economic system of American families to the extent that women and children had to change the way they were delivering their services and earning income. This paper examines the way the contribution of women and children changed in America during the industrial revolution. This objective is attained in this paper through the examination of how women and children used to contribute their quota to the American economy before the industrial revolution. It goes on to view the changes that the industrial revolution brought and how it affected women and children. The paper then examines how the changes of the industrial revolution modified the way American women and children contributed their quota to building of the economy after the 1850s when the American revolution was entrenched in American society. The paper ends up with the lives of women and children after the industrial revolution by revealing some of the lasting effects of the industrial revolution on the earning patterns of women and children in the country.... Thus the period prior to the industrial revolution could be seen to be a period where labor intensive techniques were combined with archaic systems of agriculture to produce just enough for export. Another dominant factor that could be identified about this period is in the fact that America had very limited industries at the time of independence (Ulrich, 1998). Most of the goods and services produced were shipped off to Europe where the most sophisticated industries of the world were located around that time in the late 1700s. However, between 1810 and 1820, things began to change and the concept of industrialization began to to gain root throughout America (Ulrich, 1998: Dublin, 1995). Socially, the country was organized around the agrarian system that was dominant in the country. This is because the socio-cultural trend of the American people was one that depended strongly on business structures that existed at that time. â€Å"Whole family units worked together to grow crops and raise livestock† (Hillstrom & Hillstrom, 2007 p194). This implies that the whole country revolved around a system whereby families owned lands and worked on those land to produce crops and animals. These products were harvested and sold for some income that each family unit used to honor their individual and collective needs. At that time, the commercial system that existed in America was one where agricultural goods were battered for the purchase of other goods (Hillstrom & Hillstrom, 2007 p194). This shows that the systems of business were quite basic and unsophisticated. Most people had to rely on crops that they produced and harvesting was what all the families in

What, for Weber, are the distinctive features of the modern state and Essay

What, for Weber, are the distinctive features of the modern state and what kind of qualities are to be found in those who have a vocation for politics - Essay Example Max Weber’s lecture on ‘Politics as a Vocation’: Politik als Beruf, was given in January 1918 to the students of Munich University. In it, Weber gave his definition of the modern state from the sociological point of view, which continues to hold good in the present day context, and his conception of the person who has a genuine vocation for politics. Weber’s ideal politician is one who realistically and resolutely confronts the vicissitudes of political life and combines in himself passion and detachment, along with the ethics of ultimate means and responsibility. Weber holds that the state is a political association which cannot be circumscribed by its’ ends, as these are too varied. It can only by defined in terms of its’ employment of physical force to attain its’ ends. Weber agreed with Trotsky’s assertion that â€Å"Every state is founded on force.† The state claims its’ use of physical violence as a legitimate right and considers itself the sole arbiter of this right. Another characteristic of the state is its’ demarcation into a particular territory. In the modern state, men dominate other men. This association is reinforced by the states’ use of force when necessary. The foundation of the state is the mandatory obedience of the people who are dominated to the authority of the state. This domination is given legitimacy by three â€Å"inner justifications† – traditional, charismatic and legal. Traditional domination is that exerted by patriarchs and princes out of age old custom. Charismatic domination is based on the appeal of a magnetic personality who inspires his followers to devotion because they â€Å"believe in him.† Legal domination is based on legal decrees which are accepted and respected as valid obligations. Of course, fear of punishment for resisting authority and the hope of reward for obedience are other factors which come into play. Politically dominant

Hunger game Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Hunger game - Essay Example Even though it is not realistic, the issues discussed and showed in the movie are more than real. There is a huge contrast between life in districts and the capital of the country called Panem. It intensifies inequality and segregation of the poor in this seemingly civilized society. The movie intentionally exaggerates styles of Panem citizens and mocks their habits. At the same time, these people are superior to others because they have money and power. The show is designed to keep all people away from the thoughts about rioting against this unjust system. In many ways, it reveals how reality shows work in media. Love, death and violence become just good elements to keep people involved in the show. Nobody cares about the fact that people actually die during the game. All spectators desire to observe the development of the story and celebrate the only survivor. They want to see real suffering, tears and desire to survive because their comfortable and rich life become absolutely boring for them. This movie is exceptional because it shows how politics and media merge becoming one powerful tool of influence. The producers of the show know how to manipulate with public opinion and give people hope or fear. The value of human life equals zero because people become objects. Their actions are predetermined by the conditions created by producers and designers. This moral degradation depicted in the movie motivates people to revise their current attitude to consumerism and media. The movie suggest some logical development to modern culture which is perceived as the top of civilized world in the history of man. It reveals that the world is not just; people who have power exploit others and use media to expand their influence. Weak human beings and their feeling become only elements of the show to entertain

Business plan - Setting up my own business (Flower Shop) Coursework

Business plan - Setting up my own business (Flower Shop) - Coursework Example There will be a highly connected delivery network that will enable flowers to be delivered the right time so that the impact is not lost due to an inefficient delivery. Flowers are a good choice for several occasions including birthdays, mother’s day, and weddings, to name just a few. A key differentiator would be its exclusive floristry that will provide elegant flowers of the best quality. Perhaps the most convenient and obvious segmentation is the occasion segmentation that will segment the market according to different occasions namely weddings, birthdays, Mother’s day, Christmas, Valentine’s day and other seasonal parties. This division of the market into sub groups will allow greater profits through larger sales by targeting the right set of individuals (Hall, Jones, Raffo, and Anderton 2008, p. 139). Another option is to segment the target markets temporally, meaning, based on the required delivery times. While many occasions require same day delivery, many others do not. For this reason, it will be convenient to divide the market to groups of individuals based on the delivery times for the recipients. In case of time based segmentation, the segmentation variables would include same day delivery, next day delivery, peak seasonal delivery, and other holidays. The florist offers great flower at good prices with international delivery options. Moreover, the customers have the choice of various delivery time options. The flower shop also has a flower catalog that can be requested to order unique flowers for different occasions (Philip’s Flower Shops 2014). Philip’s flower shops operate online and have a specially designed website structure that allows easy ordering of flowers online. It also provides flexible delivery systems for its customers so that recipients receive flowers on the appropriate time. Since Tesco is a large

Religion Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Religion Journal - Essay Example Rituals in case of Confucianism varied from being semi religious routines to the way people met and interacted with each other. As per Confucianism, the construction of a moral society depended on the extent to each individual affiliated to and abided by the salient morals. It does come out as being strange that one of the most ancient world religions like Confucianism does remain silent about the notion or concept of a higher power. It is really interesting to note that the crux of Confucian thought does tend to focus on the creation of a social moral order. However, one does wonder as to the moral order that Confucianism talks about does mean subservience to the existent order, or did it allow for original and individualistic thought and action? It is indeed interesting to note that Confucian virtues do aspire for the creation of a society where people respected one another and cared for each other. Does it leave a scope for competitiveness and personal ambition? Taoism did originate in China about two thousand years ago. Taoism does regard Tao to be the quintessential source of and the principle underlying all order in the universe. Taoism is a religion marked by both a profound sense of unity symbolized by Tao as well as the interplay of opposites marked by Yin and Yang. As far as morality is concerned, Taoism does affiliate to a relativistic view in the sense that it does belief that there do not happen to be and sacrosanct moral values, and that the morality imminent in a situation did depend on the circumstances attendant on that situation.

Statistics on Violent Crime Among UK Youth (2013) Project

On Violent Crime Among UK Youth (2013) - Statistics Project Example The police and Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW) have different descriptions of what constitutes a violent crime: for example, the CSEW categorises robbery as a violent crime provided it was committed by a series of activities involving actual or threatened injury to the body of the victim. The police, however, leave out the crime from a list of violent crimes, mainly because in some cases manifest violence is not present. In addition, law enforcement agencies have also excluded murder and sexual violence from violent crimes for purposes of dealing the perpetrators commensurate punishments. Owing to the fact that 25% of all offences are executed by juveniles, it is estimated that more half of the violent crimes in the United Kingdom in 2013 were committed by individuals who are between the ages of 16 and 25. Statistics indicate that members of the group engaged in more than a million cases of violent crimes in 2013 alone. The children and young adults, mostly in high school and colleges respectively were behind more than 50% of all homicides, robberies and burglaries (United Kingdom Defence & Security, 2014). The Home Office findings indicate that the youth aged between 16 and 25 engaged in the highest incidences of violent crime. Generally, the Home Office established that the young criminals were to blame for more than 50% of violent crimes as demonstrated in figure and table 1. Their overall of one in two violent cases of crimes is greater than previous figures, which put the percentage at less one in four cases. Government statistics show that almost 20% of all juvenile youth first apprehended in 2004 continued their delinquent behaviour through 2013, with 16-year-olds being most likely to engage in repeat offences (Flatley, 2013). As such, the report indicates the youth crime estimates underscore the need of tackling deviance among juveniles in order to reduce violent crime. Reform of youth justice programs since 2003 have seen drastic decline in the prevalence of violent crime, especially for individuals who were subjected to detention, but a 2014 report published by the National Audit Office indicated reoffending rates had soared, especially among the youths subjected to community service as punishment for their violent criminal behaviour in the past (Government of the United Kingdom, 2013).  Ã‚  

Max Dupain Essay Example for Free

Max Dupain Essay The sunbaker was taken in 1938 Some of the artistic intentions and reasons that Max Dupain has taken this photograph exactly in this way are that max Dupain has deliberately faded away the background in this photograph to highlight and draw the eye upon the picture of the man. He may also have decided to fade the background, as the way the sand blends in with the skin colour of the man, adds to Dupain’s theme of â€Å"beach culture†. Max Dupain has also taken this photograph as a full body close up of the man, which suits the photograph more. Like many of Dupain’s photograph, this photo is taken and has association with the beach. The atmosphere, from looking at the photograph, is quiet and unruffled and the mood can be described at peaceful; the conditions that most sunbakers love. This photograph focuses on the way that this scene was captured, as well as the man and the features he possesses. The Sunbaker by Max Dupain was an interesting photograph and the way he did it portrayed his theme of â€Å"beach culture† very well. By Maddi Meldrum

The Nature and Basis of Economic Growth

The Nature and Basis of Economic Growth Mahnoor Hussain Sadia Gondal Suha Qasim Memon SZABIST Before the Second World War, the idea of development was influenced by principles of free market economy. In the middle third of the twentieth century, the phenomenon prevailed that the main responsibility of the economic development depends on the government of the country. So accordingly, if a particular country is economically backward or underdeveloped, then the government is to be blamed. Hence, it is the government’s responsibility to catch up with the progress (the idea of convergence was introduced back then). This belief developed mainly because of Russia. During that time, Russia (former USSR) was a communist state, where the role of government was greatest. Private sector had minimal role in the economy. Private and public goods were provided by the government. Government had the sole responsibility of providing welfare of the public. The greater the national self-consciousness, the greater will be economic backwardness of a country. It is also believed that the colonial powers were behind the economic backwardness of the dependent, colonized countries for the reason that these territories did not carry out an effective economic policy, inactivity was the part of the colonizer’s general policy. Greater economic activity in the quest of economic growth was common amongst metropolitan, colonial and post-colonial countries. Our concern would be on the consequences faced by the federalist states who were inspired by the greater economic growth pursuit. The consequences are categorized into financial and economic. Economic aspect of the consequence includes those things which cannot be reduced to the financial side of the consequences. The distinction between the two is necessary but neither of the aspects stressed upon the fact that arise in federations are peculiar to federations. Nor either of the consequence is a product of effective development policy – they were recognized, by every means, in the early times. The role of government was minimal. The problems that emerged out of the two heads were indeed separable, though each of them was intensified differently by the active development policy. Beginning with the financial aspect of the consequences: the economic problems were thought of as a part of the financial side. Moreover there was just one approach to development that conceived both the term as one term. Normally, economists differentiate a poor and rich country by the difference in the capital per capita (capital supply per head of population, k=K/L). With the help of this indicator, the stepping up of the rate of capital accumulation is evaluated.. It is difficult for poor country to get much from voluntary savings, hence, as an alternative; a compulsory saving is done through the states budget. Old style public services, along with the new development expenditure are financed through taxation. Funds raised through budget surpluses can be directly utilized into a nationalised industry or indirectly into a private industry. Indirect utilization of funds will be through development banks and other developmental institutions. Apparently, newly self-governed regions tend to have experience a history of restrictive government activities. Such territories spend a larger share on development projects like expenditure on the provision of transport, health and education. Development expenditures have a certain share allocated in government budget, and most of the time, such expenditures are through tax collections. The main difference between old style public expenditure and social expenditure is that the benefits/positive externalities of the former expenditure are shared by the whole society whereas the benefits/positive externalities of the latter expenditure are shared amongst a relative portion of the society. Development has a relatively skewed impact on a respective society. Some parts of the territory are considerably better off than the rest, in the form of wealth and other goods so the question arises whether the richer territories should be allowed to enjoy higher standards of social expenditure or a uniform/standard form of expenditures should prevail all over the country. This type of problems emerges in unitary as well as federal states. There is a presumption that uniformity is inevitable in a unitary state because there are no government rights. But it should be noticed that there is a clash between the privileges and general philosophy of economic development. Several different forms of social expenditures are adopted by the regional and local administration authority. If these social expenditures are financed by the regional or local government finances, then the wealthier areas would be better off than the poorer areas, in the respect of higher standards of living and greater capability of taxing. The demand for social expenditure is not high, in other words, the concept of social expenditure is not fully developed, and therefore this problem is of acute importance. It should be noted that this is not the case for different countries; some countries are dependent and aware of the concept of social expenditures. Rise in the demand for social expenditure would change the situation. This condition partly depends upon the resource sharing between federal, provincial and local governments. Sometimes, federal government does not have enough resources to spend on social expenditures, that is, when the provincial and local governments can finance such expenditures. But there are certain strict administrative reasons that call for as general rule that the federal government should have a stronger position in the administrative structure, as well as, in the resource distribution. Tax administration is very expensive and difficult task. It is useless to impose taxation on high income individuals if they lesser in quantity. Provincial and local government cannot provide social expenditures solely from their resources. Federal grants are allocated for the purpose of financing social expenditures. Once this is approved, the grant distribution needs to be decided. When deciding the grant distribution, the questions over local inequality are placed. There are still differing opinions over the kind of grants that is neutral, neither de-equalizing nor equalizing in nature (United States of America is a perfect example for welfare grants). From one point of view, welfare grants on the basis of population is neutral (grants equal per head of population), because firstly, the richer areas are given the free will to secure/expand their high standards from their own resources and secondly, this way the poorer regions would be relatively better off with higher standards, which they could not have achieved through their own pool of resources. In reality, this policy on the basis of population is not in any case equalizing, such that it can be called as a general philosophy of development. Higher weightage should be given to poorer regions in order to equalize the effect. Such equalization policies can only be practiced in the light of national unity and greater political power of the poorer areas, otherwise, policies would never be translated into action. Federal government is indicated as prima facie, that is, unity does not exist in federal government. So if this type of equalization is adopted, then it means that the federal government is out of commission. Importance should be placed on determining the size of richer region, whether they are small or large. If the size of richer region is small, it depicts that the country is underdeveloped. Moreover, smaller regions put serious constraints on the equalization. In loose federations, where national unity is weak, equalization on the basis of population remains unacceptable. As richer areas tend to pay more (greater proportion in the central tax collection), therefore they demand greater share in the equalization grants (principle of derivation). This principle will only benefit the rich and make them relatively better off. As a result, inequality will prevail between the richer and poorer regions. Derivation principle is not easily carried out. Now, coming to the non-financial aspect of development: more prominent than the financial aspect of development. Social expenditures, let alone, cannot be regard as the only source of development. Social development has its repercussions if it only focuses on the social aspect, rather a balance of both. For instance, improvement in health facilities will raise the population level and improvement in education will create intellectual proletariat. In order to sustain development, it is important that it based on productivity, for instance, by expansion of productive activities, besides yielding a surplus over the cost of production. The initial financing of productive activities is general and not difficult, while the expansion can be from the profits earned. As governmental institutions dont earn profits, expansion for them is difficult. The productive activities should follow the comparative advantage principle. A country should expand its operation in the industry where they comparatively better so that greater share of profits are acquired. Natural advantage can be either in mineral resources or climatic conditions. Government policies should be adopted in a way that it exploits the benefit out these natural advantages. For example, New Zealand was able to enjoy higher standards of living only by developing policies that favoured their natural advantage (natural resources). Same was the case of Malaysia (comparative advantage in rubber), oil and other resource rich countries. Large supply of natural resources and per head population is a prerequisite of this phenomenon. Typically, underdeveloped countries have a large supply of labour in relation to the land supply. Hence, labour availability is the main beneficiary that it offers. Countries with large supply of labour have lower labour costs. Cheap labour results in low labour costs resulting in lower production costs. Although it is a sign an underdevelopment, cheaper labour confer a comparative advantage over the developed countries where the cost of labour is comparatively high. If industries are built on this low labour cost principle, with time they can attain efficiency and accumulate capital, which will later when the labour costs are no longer low. (Japan is the perfect example of this textbook cum practical procedure). Cheap labour are usually unskilled, therefore, they are more suitable for unskilled, mechanical work. Training them would raise the employers cost. Even if these obstacles are not present, a general obstacle prevails: absence of economies of scale. Protectionism is very common amongst the underdeveloped countries because of the prevalence of infant industries. High rate tariffs are imposed in order to discourage purchases of imports by making them more expensive than domestic, home-produced goods. When setting up industries, it is important that the location and the nature of industry are taken into consideration. For instance, weight gaining good should be near the factor of production, while weight losing good should be near the factory outlet. For example, cement is an example of weight gaining good. Moreover, it is stated that you cannot find any empirical evidences of a country that has industrialised itself, without the aid of infant industry protection and special raw material (natural) advantage. Applying protectionism through the restriction of imports is inevitable if only if, the country demands imported goods. Otherwise, its application is worthless. Prior to the protectionism, the importing country must be financing the foreign good through the exports. Let’s take an example of a country where the export industry is already developed. if the industry was built during the colonial times, then there are high chances that it was built during the free trade times (capitalist economy) and must have exploited the natural resources. Apparently, the country would be based on a primary industry, such as mining or agriculture. The wages earned by the labour and the profits generated by the entrepreneurs would have been spent on imported goods. Otherwise, the industry would have financed through external sources (profits transferred abroad). The balance of payment equalized, without affecting the country’s economy. Apart from when the local labour is attracted to work in the export industry, the impact on the situation would be slight.

Daggers found in shaft graves during the bronze age :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The ornamental daggers of the late bronze age found in the shaft graves at Mycenae, that date between 1550, and 1500 B.C. were made by Cretans for the mainland market. Even though these daggers were made in Crete none have ever been found there. Some other places where similar daggers have been found are the island of Thera, Vapheio, Pylos, and the Argire Heraeum. This shows that there was trade among all of those places during the time period that the daggers were made. Most of the daggers were found in grave circle A at Mycenae. How they were made   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The men who made the daggers found in the shaft graves were very skilled craftsmen. They showed contrast of color and of relief with the decoration of their work. On both sides of the daggers was a slotted silver or gold plate which would be decorated before being put on. They would decorate the plates with gold, silver, copper, alloys, and another technique known as niello. Niello is a black metallic alloy of sulphur, copper, silver, and usually lead, used as an inlay on engraved metal. It is considered painting in metal. The metal surface is brushed with a borax solution as a flux to help distribute the heat evenly, dusted with powdered niello, then heated. After cooling, the surface is scraped and shows a black pattern in the incised lines. The Egyptians are credited with originating niello decoration, which was practiced in classical times, spread throughout Europe during the middle ages, and came into high repute in the 15th century(Encyclopedia Britannica). Even though Egypt came up with the idea, you must note that it is native work, and not merely an imported article. (Web page, 7) The attitude of the figures and of the lions, and the form of the cat, are such as no Egyptian would have executed.(Web page, 7) After the plates were decorated, they used rivets rather than a soldering technique to put the parts together. They also used the technique of inlaying on the daggers when adding the gold portions. They would cut a narrow strip of gold from a thin sheet. Then they would make undercuts and dovetails wherever the gold would be going. After that they would then put the strip of gold over the undercuts, and use a hammer and a small wedge to bang the gold in. Decorations used on the daggers Daggers found in shaft graves during the bronze age :: essays research papers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The ornamental daggers of the late bronze age found in the shaft graves at Mycenae, that date between 1550, and 1500 B.C. were made by Cretans for the mainland market. Even though these daggers were made in Crete none have ever been found there. Some other places where similar daggers have been found are the island of Thera, Vapheio, Pylos, and the Argire Heraeum. This shows that there was trade among all of those places during the time period that the daggers were made. Most of the daggers were found in grave circle A at Mycenae. How they were made   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The men who made the daggers found in the shaft graves were very skilled craftsmen. They showed contrast of color and of relief with the decoration of their work. On both sides of the daggers was a slotted silver or gold plate which would be decorated before being put on. They would decorate the plates with gold, silver, copper, alloys, and another technique known as niello. Niello is a black metallic alloy of sulphur, copper, silver, and usually lead, used as an inlay on engraved metal. It is considered painting in metal. The metal surface is brushed with a borax solution as a flux to help distribute the heat evenly, dusted with powdered niello, then heated. After cooling, the surface is scraped and shows a black pattern in the incised lines. The Egyptians are credited with originating niello decoration, which was practiced in classical times, spread throughout Europe during the middle ages, and came into high repute in the 15th century(Encyclopedia Britannica). Even though Egypt came up with the idea, you must note that it is native work, and not merely an imported article. (Web page, 7) The attitude of the figures and of the lions, and the form of the cat, are such as no Egyptian would have executed.(Web page, 7) After the plates were decorated, they used rivets rather than a soldering technique to put the parts together. They also used the technique of inlaying on the daggers when adding the gold portions. They would cut a narrow strip of gold from a thin sheet. Then they would make undercuts and dovetails wherever the gold would be going. After that they would then put the strip of gold over the undercuts, and use a hammer and a small wedge to bang the gold in. Decorations used on the daggers

Essay --

Has anyone ever told your child "This is what you need to be focusing on," or "This is more important than what is outside that window"? If yes is your answer to this question, your child might have with Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Children who have ADD or ADHD are often more imaginative and outgoing without their prescribed medication. However, the medication does allow them to focus and decreases their tendency to be troublesome. Naturally, a permanent cure without having to take medication is what most sufferers of ADD would prefer. These children are smart, but they can be a gigantic distraction to other children. This disease has effected over seven million Americans alone and while doctors find it in few girls because the diseases mainly affect boys. Some of the children think they are immune to ADHD, but truthfully we need to obtain a cure for them. There are multiple reasons that might be the reason that people get ADHD, such as, parents having ADHD, or the possibility of brain injuries when they were a young child. Three other likely causes are exposure to a toxic substance as a child, too much lead in their blood when they were born or pre-birth are. There will, more than likely, have to be multiple cures for ADHD because there are numerous ways to get the disease. However, I am sure that American doctors are fully capable of inventing a cure that will finally stop the disease in no time. But for right now, with the current medications and treatments, we can merely temporarily stop the symptoms. There are rumors of a neurological cure which could be an everlasting cure for most cases of ADD and ADHD. This means that children with ADHD are failing and being disrup... ...de-effects that come with the disease include difficulty focusing, especially an adult who has ADD to organize tasks, finish work within a time limit, and remember information and that makes it perplexing to find a job. Ultimately ADD and ADHD are both diseases that will make focusing harder for anybody who has either of them. ADHD could, although not likely, ruin the USA and possibly the world. People need to figure out a cure for ADD and ADHD, and soon, because it affects myriad people across America, and is causing a ton of problems. Children are having an exhausting time focusing in classrooms and adults who have ADD straining themselvs to driving. Who knows, maybe the future cure will help them pay attention and allow them to keep their creativity. So in conclusion we talked about how children get ADD or ADHD, how it affects children, and how it affects adults.

Li&Fung Case

Li & Fung Established in 1906, Hong Kong–based Li & Fung is now one of the largest multinational trad-ing companies in the developing world, with annual sales of more than $7 billion in 2005, up from just $1. 2 billion in 2000. The company, which is still run by the grandsons of the founder, Victor and William Fung, does not see itself as a traditional trading enterprise. Rather, it sees itself as an expert in supply chain management for its 500 or so customers. These customers are a diverse group and include clothing retailers and consumer electronics companies.Li & Fung takes orders from customers and then sifts through its network of 7,500 independent suppliers located in 40 countries to find the right manufacturing enterprises to produce the product for customers at the most attractive combination of cost and quality. Attaining this goal frequently requires Li & Fung to break up the value chain and disperse different productive activities to manufacturers located in differ ent countries depending on an assessment of factors such as labor costs, trade barriers, transportation costs, and so on.Li & Fung then coordinates the whole process, managing the logistics and arranging for the shipment of the finished product to the customer. Typical of its customers is The Limited, Inc. , a large U. S. -based chain of retail clothing stores. The Limited outsources much of its manufacturing and logistics functions to Li & Fung. The process starts when The Limited comes to Li & Fung with designer sketches of clothes for the next fashion season.Li & Fung takes the basic product concepts and researches the market to find the right kind of yarn, dye, buttons, and so on; it then assembles these into prototypes that The Limited can inspect. Once The Limited has settled on a prototype, it will give Li & Fung an order and ask for delivery within five weeks. The short time between an order and requested delivery is necessitated by the rapid rate of product obsolescence in the fashion clothing industry. With order in hand, Li & Fung distributes the various aspects of the overall manufacturing process to different producers depending on their capabilities and costs.For example, Li & Fung might decide to purchase yarn from a Korean company but have it woven and dyed in Taiwan. So Li & Fung will arrange for the yarn to be picked up from Korea and shipped to Taiwan. The Japanese might have the best zip-pers and buttons, but they manufacture them mostly in China. So Li & Fung will go to YKK, a big Japanese zipper manufacturer, and order the right zip-pers from its Chinese plants. Then Li & Fung might decide that due to con-straints imposed by export quotas and labor costs, the best place to make the final garments might be in Thailand.So everything will be shipped to Thailand. In addition, because The Limited, like many retail customers, needs quick delivery, Li & Fung might divide the order across five factories in Thailand. Five weeks after the order has been received, the garments will arrive on the shelves of The Limited, all looking like they came from one factory, with colors perfectly matched. The result is a product that may have a label that says â€Å"Made in Thailand,† but it is a global product.To better serve the needs of its customers, Li & Fung is divided into numer-ous small, customer-focused divisions. There is a theme store division that serves a handful of customers such as Warner Brothers; there is a division for The Limited, and another for Gymboree, a U. S. -based children’s clothing store. Walk into one of these divisions, such as the one for Gymboree, and you will see that every one of the 40 or so people there is focused solely on meeting Gymboree’s needs. On every desk is a computer with a direct software link to Gymboree.The staff is organized into specialized teams in areas such as design, technical support, merchandising, raw material pur-chasing, quality assurance, and shipping. Thes e teams also have direct elec-tronic links to dedicated staff in Li & Fung’s branch offices in various countries where Gymboree buys in volume, such as China, Indonesia, and the Philippines. Thus, Li & Fung uses information systems to manage, coordinate, and control the globally dispersed design, production, and shipping process to ensure that the time between receipt of an order and delivery is minimized, as are overall costs.

Presidential Cabinent notes

To form a more perfect union. Purpose two; to establish government Purpose 3: to insure domestic tranquility. A primary function of government is to maintain order and peace within a country. Purpose 4: To provide for the common defense. Purpose 5: to [remote the general welfare. The services mad protections that our government provides. Like health care, protection of environment. Etc.. Purpose 6: To secure the blessings of liberty, â€Å"you can only be free if I am free† Body: Article I † The legislative Branch Article al- The executive Branch Article Ill-The judicial branch Article IV – Interstate Relations (States of the Union) Article V – The amending Power, how the constitution can be changed. Article VI – The supremacy Act Clearly states that the federal gob Is supreme over state. Article VII – discusses the manner In which the states will adopt the constitution Part One: The Storm â€Å"The Storm: Chaos and Tragedy†: Answer the following questions as you view the PBS video excerpt â€Å"Chaos and Tragedy. † 1. According to Frontline, what problems were caused by the following groups: o The Local and state officials? O The U. S. Military? FEM..? O The Government?The main problem was that all waited too long and it caused more deaths and losses in people. 2. Why was the Louisiana National Guard unable to help? They waited too long and got trapped in headquarters. 3. Why were rescue efforts hampered in the first 24 hours? All the headquarters were underwater and the rescue efforts were trying to fix themselves. 4. What were the Mayor's responsibilities prior to the hurricane? To stock the shelters with food and water. Also he was responsible for having buses for transport. 5. Where were state and local officials during the aftermath of Strain? Why was this a problem?They were on the ground . It was a problem because they became very overwhelmed. 6. What were the critics pointing out as trouble with th e governor of Louisiana? She was unprepared and was given vague requests to the government 7. According to then-FEM.. Director Michael Brown, when does FEM.. Take over for state and local governments? FEM.. Takes over state officials against FEM..? The main complaints were that FEM.. Had no sense of urgency and barely sent out help, but FEM.. Claimed they didn't get any necessary help calls† 9. How many days did it take for the government, under President George W.Bush, to acknowledge they were late and inadequate in its response? It took the government 5 days. â€Å"The Storm: What Went Wrong in New Orleans†: 10. After reading the interview excerpts from the federal, state, and local officials, what do you feel went wrong in New Orleans? The main thing that I think went wrong was communication. In life they teach you that communication is key and unfortunately the officials were Just not being communicative and many officials were eyeing passive of the entire situation and no one took it seriously until it was too late.Review Questions: Evaluate and discuss the challenges for each level of government. Which level 11. Faced the greatest challenges? The challenges faced were helping the civilians, all of the levels of government had that problem, But the level which had it worse was the local and state officials because they had to deal with the crisis first when it was more chaotic and they were unprepared. 12. What lessons do you think were learned as a result of Hurricane Strain? I think as a nation we learned that we must have emergency plans and take every natural disaster seriously to save as many lives as possible. 3. After reviewing the problems caused, what type of assistance should the citizens of New Orleans have expected from the federal government? They should of expected imminent care with supplies and service. 14. In what ways do you think this storm has changed the city of New Orleans? Make sure to explain social and economic impact s. The way the city of New Orleans has changes is that the entire community has become one economic and social system. A bunch of individuals became a whole piece. 15.How has the aftermath of Hurricane Strain affected national politics? It affect national politics by the people second guessing the representatives they chose. 16. How can students help the citizens of New Orleans recover? They could donate money and help out their community. 17. What do you think is the most difficult part about being a victim of a natural disaster? The hardest thing in your life would be avoiding any situation like the natural disaster again. Part Two: Is Your Community Prepared? Go to wry. FEM†¦ V and click on one of the disasters that may occur in your community. After learning about this disaster, answer the questions below. 18. What type of disaster did you choose? Flash Flood 19. What preparations does FEM.. Recommend to avoid loss in this type of disaster? Avoid Roads and get to high groun d. 20. What steps can you take to better prepare your home and family for this type of disaster? Give examples. Stay focused on the weather and if a flash flood warning was given in an area get off the roads and make sure loved ones don't travel. Your Own InterviewsUsing the space provided in the Work File for this activity, write up your interview as if you were presenting it for use on the PBS Frontline web site â€Å"The Storm. † Be sure to include the person's full name, Job title or relationship to you, and contact information in your write up. If you are unsure of how to write up your interview, rich text format (. RTF). Place your interview write up here: Option 2: Interview a friend or family member who has experienced a natural disaster. Before conducting your interview, please view the slide presentation of Guide to Conducting an Interview for helpful tips and guidelines.Consider the following questions for your interview and include at least two additional question s of your own: o What type of disaster did you experience? O When and where did this disaster occur? O What did you do to prepare for the disaster? O What steps did you take during the disaster to protect yourself or your home? O What was the experience like after the disaster? O What did you learn from this experience? O What could you have done make your experience better? O How could you have improved your preparation? – â€Å"The disaster I experienced was a tornado. It was April of 2003 in Oklahoma.

Distributed Deadlock Detection: Mobile Device Processes Essay

The increasing utilization of mobile devices for development in application usually emphasizes or breaches customary computing methods. A number of obtainable problem solutions, for instance deadlock prevention and avoidance or leader election, are not fitted to situations where clients and servers equally move without restraint all over the network. The free movement of these applications creates interfaces and new events for distributed algorithms and functions that are customarily of no concern. The basic structures of a number of conventional distributed algorithms depend on suppositions, such as location of information, message transmittal and static network properties. The mobility of clients and servers in mobile device systems undermine these basic assumptions. Merely imposing conventional methods of solving problems into the mobile device systems alters the dynamic character of their environments by enforcing limitations, such as restricting device mobility. In effect, new efficient and effective methods for solving distributed issues are needed affecting mobile device systems. In a number of distributed applications there are complicated links between services and information. Mobile devices usually condense services and information like objects in OO (object oriented) programming, expanding and augmenting information and service link by including movement to information and services. In general, mobile devices such as those engaging consensus, transfer of data and database processing distribution must be each other well coordinated to offer services and information access. The advanced synchronization needed in these mobile device-based applications can result to multifarious, complex deadlock scenarios that must be identified and given solution. Conventional deadlock distribution setups are not successful when device mobility and errors are included to the requirement of deadlock resolution. What is more, because of their assumptions, conventional methods such as edge chasing on the global wait-for graph, are insufficient solutions in a mobile device structure. A solution should be developed to address the customary problem of resolution and deadlock detection for mobile device systems. What is Deadlock Deadlock is formally defined as: â€Å"A set of processes is deadlocked if each process in the set is waiting for an event that only another process in the set can cause. † In other words, deadlocks can happen every time limited resources are being competed by processes and these processes are permitted to obtain and hold a lock to the resource. If a process is waiting for resources, the resources it holds will be inaccessible to other processes. If, therefore, process A waits on a resource held by process B, and process B is waiting on one of the resources held by A, a deadlock is occurring. A system obtaining this condition is practically dead and to resume operating it must resolve the deadlock. According to Tenenbaum (1992), the four conditions obtaining a deadlock are: (1) Mutual exclusion. A resource can only be consigned to precisely one resource; (2) Hold and wait. Processes can hold one resource and can request for more; (3) No preemption. Resources cannot be effectively detached from a process; and (4) Circular wait. A circular sequence of processes is required, each process waiting for a resource held by the subsequent member of the sequence. In dealing with deadlocks, there are also four methods generally applied according to Tenenbaum (1992): ignore, detect, prevent, and avoid. Ignoring the problem presents the simplest way to deal with deadlocks. Detection of a deadlock before it occurs is a method trying to identify and locate deadlocks and resolve them. Avoidance of a deadlock is a method that attempts to find out if a deadlock will take place whenever a resource is requested and respond to the request in a way that avoids the occurrence of the deadlock. Prevention of a deadlock is system structuring in such a way that any of the four conditions that permit the possibility of a deadlock cannot take place. Problems with Mobile Devices in Deadlock Detection Breakdown and movement have to be considered in approaching distributed deadlock detection for a mobile device system. For instance, resources and users in conventional distributed deadlock detection do not move about through the system and each server has information about the site of other points that make up the network. In a mobile device system, devices execute operations by going through the source of information and performing locally to gain advantage of locality of reference. The mobile device and the host server can carry on interacting with other resources in the network. In effect, transactions can be distributed over multiple host servers bypassing the node that set off the transaction. Device movement clearly results in problems for algorithms that rely on information of location. In approaches for distributed deadlock detection such as core server or edge chasing, assumptions of location cannot be precluded as data is centrally collected or structured through a sequence of evaluations and verifications. To be able to detect and resolve distributed deadlocks, the processes must be able to pinpoint the nodes initiating the transaction. In a mobile device system, a device’s movement and operations cannot be traced simply. Hence, the device that set off a transaction is not easy to identify, as well as the secondary devices that are involved indirectly. Assumptions regarding location must be applied if a process is to operate efficiently and effectively in a mobile device system. Approach to Distributed Deadlock Detection in Mobile Device Settings The following assumptions illustrate the approach to distributed deadlock detection in mobile device settings: – All types of mobile devices are detached from the structure of the network, and therefore, they cannot move through the network by bypassing the information of how the nodes are linked. – The configuration of the network is immobile or static when the process starts. Priority transactions or two-stage commit are being utilized in standard deadlock avoidance methods. These systems permit the detection and processing of resolution to make certain that a device will not, of its own, unlock or unblock a resource during the process of detection. This feature is important in preventing shadow deadlock detection. – Only a user device can lock or unblock resources when it is actually present at the same location as the resource it is trying to manipulate. This feature permits host servers to convey the particulars being requested by a user device’s resource to its linked deadlock detection complements. A level of coordination between devices or common resources is present. As the devices execute their tasks, resources can be locked. This indicates that they are made solely to an individual user device. – All through the locking process user devices must communicate with the host server. The host is the final validating authority and can permit or reject access to a resource. Given that the host server can disallow the lock request of a device, a respond is needed. Depending on the device’s task, it could block or wait on the resource or it could resume processing and moving through the system.  The validating authority does not instantaneously block the device, as this would restrict flexibility and restrict the dynamic feature of the mobile device setting. – Devices must inform the host server if devices block on the resource. This permits the server to convey the condition of a device to its deadlock detection complements and reject any further request made by the blocked device. Devices that are blocked cannot unblock until the host authorizes their requests. – Devices must be distinctly recognizable the moment they hold a resource. They can be indentified in the device system at the time of the deadlock detection process. The role of identifying nodes may be made before a user device blocks or at the moment they lock a resource only. Overview of the System The mobile device system employs device-adapted methods that are founded in conventional edge-pushing global wait-for graph systems. Particularly, the distributions of the global wait-for graph into in-house maintained divisions and the introduction of deadlock detection examinations are based by conventional solutions. The three kinds of devices occupying the mobile device system are: User Device.  It is the only device in the system that dynamically executes tasks and locks or uses resources. It represents a device that applies the systems. It has no participation in deadlock resolution and detection; Phantom Device. This device is created by host servers and takes charge for keeping the resources locked by a particular user device, tracking it through the network and for starting the deadlock detection point. It further determines the information collected by detection devices to introduce deadlock resolution and detects and retrieves from errors during the process of deadlock detection. It signifies a part of the global wait-for graph; and, Detection Device. Phantom devices create this device when communicated by the host server that their aimed at device has blocked. They are diminutive, very light mobile devices that are tasked for calling hosts and creating the global wait-for graph and for decoding the deadlock condition. Initiating a Deadlock As user devices accomplish tasks, they may of their own lock resources all over the mobile device system. When user devices are created initially, they are not dynamically tracked by the host servers for deadlock detection purposes. The new devices can move without restraint over the network and use resources. User device tracking is done via environment tokens. Every time a device, therefore, approaches at a host server it must submit a token. This token has no significance to the device, and is only utilized by the host servers to manage the process of deadlock detection. User device tracking operations start at the time a device requests a resource lock. Part of permitting the request process is checking for a phantom device by the host server that is linked with the requesting device. If no shadow is present, one is generated and linked with the user device. The user device’s server token is then finally brought up to date to indicate the presence of the newly generated shadow device. When a shadow device is generated for a user device, it enables the host servers to control the process of deadlock detection. Shadow devices are informed of new device locks by host servers through a classified message. The message contains information on deadlock detection, such as the priority and identifier of the resource locked. When a phantom device is created and linked with a user device, they move together all over the network. This harmonized movement is synchronized by instantaneously routing a user’s shadow once the user transmits a passage request to the host server. Notably, this pairing of devices puts limitations on user devices. A user device cannot execute these actions if its linked shadow device is non-existent: moving, locking, and unlocking. The user is informed of the breakdown and the request must be submitted again. This limitation makes certain that the phantom devices will include the precise condition of the wait-for graph, even if they are postponed at the time of sending. Once a user device requests a lock that is rejected by a host server, it could consider blocking and waiting for the resource to be resolved. If the consideration to block is decided, the user device must notify the host server. Host servers respond to blocking information by notifying the user device’s shadow to permit deadlock data to be verified. If the user has no lock held, a shadow device is not present and cannot be notified. This is acceptable since the user device has no other locks held and it cannot be a participant of a distributed deadlock. The host server notifies shadow devices that their target object has blocked or unblocked via a coded message. Blocking and unblocking activities start the process of deadlock initiation. Once the shadow devices have been informed of a block activity, shadow devices inquire the host server to ascertain who is holding the lock on the target object resource. When the host server transmits information to the device identifier on who is holding the lock, a subsequent inquiry is done to ascertain if the device is remote or local. If the locking device is remote, the shadow device initiates the sequence of distributed deadlock detection. If not, no particular processing is occurring. Distributed Deadlock Detection Phantom devices introduce the deadlock detection sequence by creating detection devices. In the creation process, detection devices are commenced with their parent phantom device’s listing of locked resources and the servers where they are situated. This generation of a committed detection device permits a shadow to search at the same time for deadlocks and accordingly respond to other shadow detectors. When initiated, detector devices visit the locked resources by their aimed at user device. By noting the location of the network of each locked resource, routing of detector devices is speeded up. Each visit of the detector device in a resource, they inquire the host server to ascertain if other devices on that resource are blocked. If there are blocked devices found, their linked shadow device is located by the detector and inquires for their deadlock detection data. The processing happens at the same time for every blocked device on a resource held by an offsite device. The deadlock detection response is a list of recorded deadlock detection data that could include the following: Name of the Device. The distinctive identifier information of the user device; Resource Blocked. The resource that the device is blocked with, that includes the unique name of the resource, the user device that has this resource being locked, the server’s name that holds this resource, and the resource’s priority; Basic Locks. The list of basic locks or resources as held by this device. Relevant data regarding a user device that is blocked on a resource is summarized in each deadlock detection record. This information is included at each resource to the deadlock detection table of the detector since the device is blocked on a resource that is held by the detector’s object target. Because these devices are blocked on a resource that is held by another device, their overall detection table is being held indirectly by that device. The secondary information is applicable because blocked devices cannot act to release resources at the same time waiting for the locked resource by a detector’s object target. At the time a detector device visits every resources that were put in its initial array of locks, it goes back to its initial host server. When it arrives, the detector device notifies its shadow that it has came back and conveys its assembled deadlock table. The shadow device ascertains this table, which depicts the global wait-for graph, to make certain the presence of a deadlock. Shadow devices employ their target user device as a key to deadlock detection. If their target device shows in the table communicated by the detector, the target device is waiting on a resource as held by itself. Apparently a deadlock is present because the target device is blocked and that resource can never be released. Shadow devices perform recovery from breakdowns at the time of a deadlock detection point. Detection of a failure is performed through a running cycle calculation delay. Each shadow device is initialized with a fixed cycle time delay depending on the network type and its features. Shadow devices assume that their detector devices will be able to determine all of the required locks in less than four times the optimum delay cycle. When a detector device does not give a response in the optimal time allowed, the shadow device expects that a failure occurs and creates a new device detector to carry on the process of the failed device. Conclusion The suppositions of conventional distributed deadlock systems prevent them from successful completion in a mobile device setting. A successful detection and resolution of a mobile device distributed deadlocks applies the advantages of the mobile device model. The principal features of the advanced method, in particular, that separate it from the conventional solutions could be: reference locality, structure independence, asynchronous process, unrestricted movement, and fault tolerance. These features are accomplished through an independent platform, mobile device distributed deadlock detection resolution. The devices that use resources in the mobile device system are differentiated from the deadlock detection process. This differentiation generates dedicated devices for deadlock initialization, resolution, and detection. These devices are totally fitted to the features of the mobile device setting and operate together to perform a comprehensive distributed deadlock detection resolution. Mobile device settings demand structure flexibility and tolerance of fault. Integrating these properties and features into a mobile device solution affects overall performance. The features need further developing and messages. Because of the congruent nature of mobile device settings, there is no definite fact that these further messages do significantly affect deadlock detection efficiency and effectiveness. In addition, the insufficiency of comparable device solutions poses comparison and examination non-conclusive.

Panera Bread Company: Still Rising Fortunes? Essay

Panera Bread is a renowned restaurant that has come about from the merging of great companies and people. However, the beginning was actually with Au Bon Pain which was started in Boston’s Feneuil Hall as a demonstration bakery. Louis Kane was struck by this store’s growth potential and purchased the business in 1978. Between 1978 and 1981 the company opened 13 stores, but subsequently closed 10 of these stores, in the Boston area and had major debt. Ronald Shaich, a recent graduate from Harvard, opened the Cookie Jar in 1980 and befriended Louis Kane. In 1981, the friends merged the Au Bon Pain and the Cookie Jar to form one business known as Au Bon Pain Co. Inc. The co-CEO’s were able to lower debt, expand the business, and centralized facilities for dough production. In 1985, the company added fresh made sandwiches to their production when they noticed customer behavior of purchasing a baguette cut in half and using cold cuts brought from home to make sandwich es. This allowed for a new way to reach customers with fast service, all the while staying nutritious. Panera opened in three business segments: company owned bakery-cafà © operations, franchise operations, and fresh dough operations. The key initiatives of Panera’s growth was focused on growing store profit, increasing transaction and gross profit per transaction, use its capital smartly, and put in place drivers for concept differentiation and competitive advantage. During the recession, while other companies were lowering pricing and quality of goods, Panera was doing the opposite. The company instead targeted customer who could afford to spend an average of $8.50 on lunch. So during 2009, the company raised prices twice, on bagels and soups, which enabled the company to provide more for less. This attitude also allowed the company to maintain employees and customer satisfaction. By keeping labor consistent with sales and continuing to invest in its employees as a way to better serve its customers. In 2009, Panera had sales of nearly $2.8 billion and was ranked as the large st fast casual chain. Panera learned from its competitors, none of those competitors had yet to figure out the formula for Panera’s success. Panera has continued to add new and exciting products to its menu and strive to meet the expectations of its customers, and this included the new breakfast sandwiches introduced in 2008. The menu was redesigned and its menu boards with the hope of drawing the customer eye to the highest margin items. These new menus also included the calorie information for items in 2010, well  before any other company did so. The company has been able to anticipate and react to changes in food and supply costs, included fuel, proteins, dairy, wheat, tuna, and cream cheese in effort to drive gross profit per transaction. Resources: When dealing with resources there a few that jump out such as: Panera’s intellectual capital, its financial position, and the executives. Each of these resources enable the company to grow and provide service to customers while maintaining their current standards. Panera has been able to see their company continue to generate profits, keep employees working, and grow the company. Since the company is so good to their employees and franchisees, these employees are eager to maintain quality, which in turn leads to more loyal customers. Panera realized that the key ingredient was the kind of people behind the counter who provides the customer service. Because the company is maintaining quality, which includes freshness and nutrition this allows the customers to choose this casual fast food location for a much better meal. Since the company is doing well financially, they are able to continue expanding, which leads to more jobs and potential for the areas surrounding the store. Th is in turn enables the company to maintain their financial position and continue to invest in new ventures. Capabilities: Panera offers a great value on their products. This healthy option offers a number of varieties which enable customers to get anything from soup to pastries. Since trends are always changing, Panera does a good job in changing their menu to keep with customer demands. This ever changing menu has offerings to satisfy changing customer preferences, improve its products, and maintain customer interest. By maintaining the customer interest in its menu items Panera must continue to do research and develop new goods. As Panera doesn’t have a test kitchen, these items are instead tested these items out directly in the cafà ©s. The research and development team have twice yearly retreats that allow these team members to â€Å"out do† each other with their creations. Panera has also been able to negotiate the real estate locations so that be actually favors the company. This is also true with the ordering food products and other goods. Most of these companies will offer discoun ts on goods due to the name recognition and  stability of the company when others are failing. Core Competencies: When looking into core competencies Panera has proven and developed many of these. The goal in the beginning was to sell high quality food with a mid-price level. Panera has since exceeded the goal and customer expectations in the casual fast food category. The company continues to maintain these expectations by having fresh dough distribution centers in regional areas. This provides the product quickly and allows for faster use which keeps the product fresher for customers. While Panera strives to maintain these standards, the company also reaches out to the surrounding community by giving away left over bread to homeless shelters and collects donations for other charities. Panera also believes in providing bakery-cafà © operators the chance to participate in the success of the location, which enable the company to attract and maintain experienced and highly qualified personnel. Findings of Fact: Franchising a Key to Success: Franchising is a key component in the growth that Panera has experienced. Since a franchisee is purchasing the use of the Panera name, this means that they are also purchasing the business model and trademark for their location. This allows the company to grow quickly and the franchisee contributes the resources and capabilities necessary to implement the Panera concepts and strategies. The franchise program began in 1996, and as of December 2009 there are 795 franchise-operated bakery-cafà ©s open throughout the US and Canada. There are also commitments to open another 240 additional locations. Panera sells locations via the Area Development Agreements (ADAs) and the franchisee must be able to meet financial requirements set forth by Panera. The strategic choice perspective, which proposes that not only does the company adapt to changing environments, but they also have the opportunity and power to reshape their own environment, means that Panera is able to draw customers who can a fford to spend a little more. By opening franchises across the country, the company is reaching for a functional strategy by achieving corporate and business unit objects. By implementing the strategy that each franchisee must open a set amount of locations within their development area can allow the company to expand and reach a greater  amount of customers. In 2009, 57.6% of the company’s bakery-cafà ©s were owned by franchises comprised of 48 franchise groups. Panera does not facilitate the construction or development of the area where a location will be built. Franchising is a great way for Panera to enter new markets with little to no cost to the company. This can be seen with how Panera moved into the Canadian market. Panera entered into a credit facility with a Canadian franchisee and in March 2010, Panera had repurchased the locations in order to be more directly involved in the new Canadian market. By implementing ways for franchisees to continue to expand and generate more sales Panera would be able to lower some of the standards set to become a franchisee and this would allow for more opportunities for growth both inside and outsid e of the US and Canada. Quality and Concept Different from Competitors: Facing competition from numerous sources in its trade area means that Panera has to offer something unique. This means that Panera offers something different, such as fresh-baked artisan breads, fresh sandwiches, soups, and salads without worrying about whether it was nutritious. The unique dining experience to customers, combined with nutritious food and fast service keep customers coming back. The friendly atmosphere, which includes comfortable seating, warm tones, and convenient locations can offer customers a better option to be able to hang out and possibly spend more money. Panera handles this obstacle by offering specialty food, casual dining, and quick service cafà ©s. However, competitive factors include location, environment, customer service, price, and quality of products. This means that Panera competes for the best locations, hourly employees, and customers. The corporate culture within Panera has always been a collection of beliefs, expectations, and values learned an d shared by the company employees. This results in employees striving to be the best that they can be when offering quality service and products. There are competitors who have begun to test the concept of â€Å"upscale† dining, may also test the health and wellness or sustainability component that could be included. By being able to maintain their core beliefs such as no chemicals or preservatives, the company is able to bring customers back to simpler times and provide good, quality food. Since Panera is able to  dedicate themselves to their concept the company has enjoyed brand loyalty, positive name recognition, and goodwill. Since Panera operated on three business segments such as company-owned bakery-cafà © operations, franchise operations, and fresh dough operations the company is able to keep a better feel for those segments and maintain standards. Panera was able to extend its strong values in unpretentious ways in a welcoming atmosphere. Locations were often donating bread and baked goods to community organizations in need which showed that they were involved in bettering their community. By ensuring that Panera sets the standards that competitors much strive to reach, the goal is to find a propitious niche, such as the casual fast food dining experience with specialty foods. Financial Growth Panera reported a 48% increase in net income of $25,845 million during the first quarter of 2010. Panera believed that its primary capital resource was cash generated by operations. The principle requirements for cash have resulted in the company’s capital expenditures for the development of new company owned bakery-cafà ©s. By putting this capital to work for the company, such as purchasing new equipment, remodeling locations, or other needs such as enhancements to information systems or infrastructure, will be able to maintain standards for products. The company has access to a $250 million credit facility, which as of December 2009, had to borrowings outstanding. Panera will be able to use its cash flow from operations and available borrowing under its existing credit facility will be sufficient to fund its capital requirements for the foreseeable future. Panera should continue to invest in training, labor, and quality products. Panera was able to increase costs, which resulted in better products while other competitors were cutting costs, and this resulted in a more loyal customer. The company should continue to increase performance and be able to increase stock prices. The franchise agreements also provide a source of income when fees are due. These royalties and fees in fiscal year 2009 were up and with the franchisee opening more locations that should continue to grow. Finding ways to provide quality products at a mid-level cost to the customer will continue to ensure that Panera will continue to see growth in the future. Panera should begin to spend some of the capital on marketing.  Although most of the marketing has been done by word of mouth, there is no reason why the company couldn’t do some advertising. This would increase customer knowledge and traffic within the locations. Overall Panera Bread Co. Inc. is a stable company which has continued to grow as other competitors scaled back in the recent recession. Panera offers quality food, customer service, and a welcoming environment which some other competitors do not offer. By offering this type of arrangement for customers, it encourages more spending and allows customers to take their time while getting their meals faster. Being a national leader in business can allow the company to meet obligations and ensure that the capital will continue to grow. Panera will continue to set standards and strive to meet them every day. Works Cited Wheelen, Thomas L. and J. David Hunger. Strategic Management & Business Policy. 12th Edition. Boston: Pearson. 2012. Print